[[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/adaptation|Adaptation]]| \\
 [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/contract|Changing existing materials (e.g., management plans, contracts]], training manuals, questionnaires, etc.) by deliberately altering some content or design component to make the resulting materials more suitable for another socio-cultural context or a particular population. In the context of questionnaire translation, the limits between translation and [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/adaptation|adaptation]] are difficult to define because almost every translation includes adaptation to a certain degree. Therefore, sometimes both terms are used in combination (“translation and adaptation”) to name the process of making a questionnaire fit for use in another language and culture. For a discussion of adaptation and, for instance, its different forms, see also (Behr & Shishido, forthcoming). See [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/chapters/adaptation-chapter|Adaptation]] for more information.|

 [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/adaptive-behavior|Adaptive behavior]]| \\
 <font 12.0pt/times new roman,serif;;inherit;;inherit>Interviewer behavior that is tailored to the actual situation encountered.</font>|

 [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/adjudication|Adjudication]]| \\
 [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/pretesting|The translation evaluation step at which a translation is signed off and released for whatever follows next such as pretesting]] or final fielding (the ‘A’ in the TRAPD method, see Translation). When all review and refinement procedures are completed, including any revisions after pretesting and copyediting, a final signing off/[[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/adjudication|adjudication]] is required. Thus, in any translation effort there will be one or more signing-off steps ("ready to go to external assessment," "ready to go to client," "ready to go to fielding agency," for example).|

 [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/adjudicator|Adjudicator]]| \\
 [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/adjudication|The person who signs-off on a finalized version of a questionnaire (see Adjudication]]).|

 [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/adjustment-error|Adjustment Error]]| \\
 [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/variance|Survey error (variance]] and [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/bias|bias]]) due to post data collection statistical adjustment.|

 [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/advance-translation|Advance translation]]| \\
 [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/source-questionnaire|A translation is made of a source questionnaire]] to try to find problems in the source text that only become apparent when translation is attempted. The insights are used to modify the source questionnaire or plan for [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/adaptation|adaptation]]. We recommend to carry out the [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/advance-translation|advance translation]] using the team approach so as to receive input [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/comparability|comparable]] to the one expected during the final translation phase. Comments made in the course of advance translation typically concern both linguistic / translation-related as well as intercultural issues (see Dorer (2011)).|

 [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/anchoring-vignettes|Anchoring vignettes]]| \\
 <font 12.0pt/times new roman,serif;;inherit;;inherit>A technique used to adjust for noncomparability in self-assessment questions caused by differences in response scale usage across groups. It relies on a set of descriptions (usually brief) of hypothetical people and situations to which self-assessment is calibrated (King, Murray, Salomon, & Tandon, 2004).</font>|

 [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/annotation|Annotation]]| \\
 [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/source-questionnaire|Information appended to text in the source questionnaire]] to help clarify the intended meaning of a source text concept, phrase, or term. (See Appendix A-D for further detail and examples of the use of [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/annotation|annotations]].) ‘Annotations’ are also referred to as ‘footnotes’.|

 [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/anonymity|Anonymity]]| \\
 <font 12.0pt/times new roman,serif;;inherit;;inherit>Recording or storing information without name or identifier, so the respondent cannot be identified in any way by anyone. No one can link an individual person to the responses of that person, including the investigator or the interviewer. Face-to-face interviews are never anonymous since the interviewer knows the address (and likely, the name) of the respondent.</font>|

 [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/anonymization|Anonymization]]| \\
 [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/confidentiality|Stripping all information from a survey data file that allows the re-identification of respondents (see confidentiality]]).|

 [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/ascii-files|ASCII files]]| \\
 <font 12.0pt/times new roman,serif;;inherit;;inherit>Data files in American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) format.</font>|

 [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/ask-different-questions-adq|Ask different questions (ADQ)]]| \\
 <font 12.0pt/times new roman,serif;;inherit;;inherit>An approach to question design where researchers collect data across populations or countries based on using the most salient population-specific questions on a given construct/research topic. The questions and indicators used in each location are assumed (or better, have been shown) to tap a construct that is germane or shared across populations.</font>|

 [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/ask-the-same-questions-asq|Ask the same questions (ASQ)]]| \\
 [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/source-questionnaire|An approach to question design whereby researchers collect data across populations/countries by asking a shared set of questions. The most common way to do this is by developing a source questionnaire]] in one language and then producing whatever other language versions are needed on the basis of translation or translation and [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/adaptation|adaptation]]. Hence the description used in the chapter of "ASQ and translate (ASQT)". [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/decentering|Decentering]] is a second way to “ask the same questions” but this procedure is differently organized.|

 [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/ask-the-same-questions-and-translate-asqt|Ask the same questions and translate (ASQT)]]| \\
 [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/source-questionnaire|An approach to question design whereby researchers collect data across populations/countries by asking a shared set of questions. The most common way to do this is by developing a source questionnaire]] in one language and then producing whatever other language versions are needed on the basis of translation or translation and [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/adaptation|adaptation]]. [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/decentering|Decentering]] is a second way to “ask the same questions” but this procedure is differently organized.|

 [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/attitudinal-question|Attitudinal question]]| \\
 <font 12.0pt/times new roman,serif;;inherit;;inherit>A question asking about respondents’ opinions, judgments, emotions, and perceptions. These cannot be measured by other means; we are dependent on respondents’ answers. Example: Do you think smoking cigarettes is bad for the smoker’s health?</font>|

 [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/audio-computer-assisted-self-interviewing-a-casi|Audio computer-assisted self-interviewing (A-CASI)]]| \\
 [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/mode|A mode]] in which the respondent in which the respondent uses a computer that plays audio recordings of the questions to the respondent, who then enters his/her answers. The computer may or may not display the questions on the screen.|

 [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/audit-trail|Audit trail]]| \\
 [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/paradata|An electronic file in which computer-assisted and Web survey software captures paradata]] about survey questions and computer user actions, including times spent on questions and in sections of a survey ([[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/timestamps|timestamps]]) and interviewer or respondent actions while proceeding through a survey. The file may contain a record of [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/keystrokes|keystrokes]] and function keys pressed, as well as mouse actions.|

 [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/auxiliary-data|Auxiliary data]]| \\
 [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/auxiliary-data|Data from an external source, such as census data, that is incorporated or linked in some way to the data collected by the study. Auxiliary data]] is sometimes used to supplement collected data, for creating weights, or in [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/imputations|imputation]] techniques.|

 [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/base-weight|Base weight]]| \\
 <font 12.0pt/times new roman,serif;;inherit;;inherit>The inverse of the probability of selection.</font>|

 [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/behavior-codes|Behavior codes]]| \\
 [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/behavior-codes|“Behavior codes]] are information about the interviewer and respondent’s verbal behaviors during a survey interview’s question–answer process. They are developed and recorded by human coders, not automatically [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/coding|coded]] by computers. To obtain behavior [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/code-structure|codes]], interviews are audio recorded (generally digitally today, but cassette tapes have been used in the past), transcribed, and then coded by a set of at least two coders to identify relevant behaviors” (Olson & Parkhurst, 2013).|

 [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/behavior-coding|Behavior coding]]| \\
 [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/coding|Systematic coding]] of the interviewer-respondent interaction in order to identify problems and sometimes to estimate the [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/frequency-format|frequency]] of behaviors that occur during the question-answer process.|

 [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/behavioral-question|Behavioral question]]| \\
 <font 12.0pt/times new roman,serif;;inherit;;inherit>A question asking respondents to report behaviors or actions. Example: Have you ever smoked cigarettes?</font>|

 [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/bias|Bias]]| \\
 [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/target-population|The systematic difference over all conceptual trials between the expected value of the survey estimate of a population parameter and the true value of that parameter in the target population]].|

 [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/bid|Bid]]| \\
 [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/prescribed-behaviors|A complete proposal (submitted in competition with other bidders) to execute specified jobs within prescribed]] time and budget, and not exceeding a proposed amount.|

 [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/bilingual-glossary|Bilingual glossary]]| \\
 [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/bilingual-glossary|A glossary is a list of words or phrases used in a particular field alongside their definitions. Glossaries are often found at the back of a specialist or academic book as an appendix to the text. A bilingual glossary]] lists special terms used in a particular field in two languages. A key notion or concept present in one language for a given field may not have a ready single match in a given other language.|

 [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/bottom-coding|Bottom coding]]| \\
 [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/coding|A type of coding]] in which values that exceed the predetermined minimum value are reassigned to that minimum value or are recoded as missing data.|

 [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/bridge-language|Bridge language]]| \\
 <font 12.0pt/times new roman,serif;;inherit;;inherit>A language, common to both interviewers and respondents, that is used for data collection but may not be the first language of either person.</font>|

 [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/cause-and-effect-diagram|Cause and effect diagram]]| \\
 [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/quality|A fishbone-structured diagram for a process, used as a brainstorming tool to help understand or improve the process. The main bone represents the process (e.g., interviewer training), and bones coming off of the main bone are pre-identified factors (e.g., training materials) that may affect the quality]] of the process. From there potential causes (lack of resources and time) and effects (poor quality materials) can be discussed, and solutions identified. Also known as a fishbone or Ishikawa diagram.|

 [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/certification|Certification]]| \\
 [[http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.php/resources/advanced-glossary/certification|Objective assessment of performance. Based on pre-established criteria, the interviewer either meets the requirements and may proceed to conduct the study interview or does not meet the requirements and may either be permitted to try again or be dismissed from the study. Certification]] outcome should be documented and filed at the data collection agency.|